Supplemental videos for Cade, Carey et al. (2020) PNAS
Part I- Humpback whales in the study fed at high speeds on small schools in concert with common dolphins. Part II- A humpback whale from Monterey Bay, California fed at slower speeds on a large school in concert with California sea lions.
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Part I- Humpback whale flippers are extraordinarily long (~ 30% of body length) with white bottoms, and attacking whales regularly rotate and extend them when lunge-feeding, a technique that has been shown to have a startle effect on prey. Part II- When humpback whales approach prey but do not open their mouths, schools maintain formation since the threshold of response is not reached
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An anchovy demonstrates a characteristic C-start escape response away from the stimulus when startled. High-speed cameras (250 Hz) allowed precise determination of the timing of response, and the frame number in the corner of the playback screen showed the stage of the animation at which the response occurred.
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